').text(t+1)},dots:!1,dotsClass:"slick-dots",draggable:!0,easing:"linear",edgeFriction:.35,fade:!1,focusOnSelect:!1,focusOnChange:!1,infinite:!0,initialSlide:0,lazyLoad:"ondemand",mobileFirst:!1,pauseOnHover:!0,pauseOnFocus:!0,pauseOnDotsHover:!1,respondTo:"window",responsive:null,rows:1,rtl:!1,slide:"",slidesPerRow:1,slidesToShow:1,slidesToScroll:1,speed:500,swipe:!0,swipeToSlide:!1,touchMove:!0,touchThreshold:5,useCSS:!0,useTransform:!0,variableWidth:!1,vertical:!1,verticalSwiping:!1,waitForAnimate:!0,zIndex:1e3},n.initials={animating:!1,dragging:!1,autoPlayTimer:null,currentDirection:0,currentLeft:null,currentSlide:0,direction:1,$dots:null,listWidth:null,listHeight:null,loadIndex:0,$nextArrow:null,$prevArrow:null,scrolling:!1,slideCount:null,slideWidth:null,$slideTrack:null,$slides:null,sliding:!1,slideOffset:0,swipeLeft:null,swiping:!1,$list:null,touchObject:{},transformsEnabled:!1,unslicked:!1},i.extend(n,n.initials),n.activeBreakpoint=null,n.animType=null,n.animProp=null,n.breakpoints=[],n.breakpointSettings=[],n.cssTransitions=!1,n.focussed=!1,n.interrupted=!1,n.hidden="hidden",n.paused=!0,n.positionProp=null,n.respondTo=null,n.rowCount=1,n.shouldClick=!0,n.$slider=i(t),n.$slidesCache=null,n.transformType=null,n.transitionType=null,n.visibilityChange="visibilitychange",n.windowWidth=0,n.windowTimer=null,s=i(t).data("slick")||{},n.options=i.extend({},n.defaults,o,s),n.currentSlide=n.options.initialSlide,n.originalSettings=n.options,void 0!==document.mozHidden?(n.hidden="mozHidden",n.visibilityChange="mozvisibilitychange"):void 0!==document.webkitHidden&&(n.hidden="webkitHidden",n.visibilityChange="webkitvisibilitychange"),n.autoPlay=i.proxy(n.autoPlay,n),n.autoPlayClear=i.proxy(n.autoPlayClear,n),n.autoPlayIterator=i.proxy(n.autoPlayIterator,n),n.changeSlide=i.proxy(n.changeSlide,n),n.clickHandler=i.proxy(n.clickHandler,n),n.selectHandler=i.proxy(n.selectHandler,n),n.setPosition=i.proxy(n.setPosition,n),n.swipeHandler=i.proxy(n.swipeHandler,n),n.dragHandler=i.proxy(n.dragHandler,n),n.keyHandler=i.proxy(n.keyHandler,n),n.instanceUid=e++,n.htmlExpr=/^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*)$/,n.registerBreakpoints(),n.init(!0)}}()).prototype.activateADA=function(){this.$slideTrack.find(".slick-active").attr({"aria-hidden":"false"}).find("a, input, button, select").attr({tabindex:"0"})},e.prototype.addSlide=e.prototype.slickAdd=function(e,t,o){var s=this;if("boolean"==typeof t)o=t,t=null;else if(t<0||t>=s.slideCount)return!1;s.unload(),"number"==typeof t?0===t&&0===s.$slides.length?i(e).appendTo(s.$slideTrack):o?i(e).insertBefore(s.$slides.eq(t)):i(e).insertAfter(s.$slides.eq(t)):!0===o?i(e).prependTo(s.$slideTrack):i(e).appendTo(s.$slideTrack),s.$slides=s.$slideTrack.children(this.options.slide),s.$slideTrack.children(this.options.slide).detach(),s.$slideTrack.append(s.$slides),s.$slides.each(function(e,t){i(t).attr("data-slick-index",e)}),s.$slidesCache=s.$slides,s.reinit()},e.prototype.animateHeight=function(){var i=this;if(1===i.options.slidesToShow&&!0===i.options.adaptiveHeight&&!1===i.options.vertical){var e=i.$slides.eq(i.currentSlide).outerHeight(!0);i.$list.animate({height:e},i.options.speed)}},e.prototype.animateSlide=function(e,t){var o={},s=this;s.animateHeight(),!0===s.options.rtl&&!1===s.options.vertical&&(e=-e),!1===s.transformsEnabled?!1===s.options.vertical?s.$slideTrack.animate({left:e},s.options.speed,s.options.easing,t):s.$slideTrack.animate({top:e},s.options.speed,s.options.easing,t):!1===s.cssTransitions?(!0===s.options.rtl&&(s.currentLeft=-s.currentLeft),i({animStart:s.currentLeft}).animate({animStart:e},{duration:s.options.speed,easing:s.options.easing,step:function(i){i=Math.ceil(i),!1===s.options.vertical?(o[s.animType]="translate("+i+"px, 0px)",s.$slideTrack.css(o)):(o[s.animType]="translate(0px,"+i+"px)",s.$slideTrack.css(o))},complete:function(){t&&t.call()}})):(s.applyTransition(),e=Math.ceil(e),!1===s.options.vertical?o[s.animType]="translate3d("+e+"px, 0px, 0px)":o[s.animType]="translate3d(0px,"+e+"px, 0px)",s.$slideTrack.css(o),t&&setTimeout(function(){s.disableTransition(),t.call()},s.options.speed))},e.prototype.getNavTarget=function(){var e=this,t=e.options.asNavFor;return t&&null!==t&&(t=i(t).not(e.$slider)),t},e.prototype.asNavFor=function(e){var t=this.getNavTarget();null!==t&&"object"==typeof t&&t.each(function(){var t=i(this).slick("getSlick");t.unslicked||t.slideHandler(e,!0)})},e.prototype.applyTransition=function(i){var e=this,t={};!1===e.options.fade?t[e.transitionType]=e.transformType+" "+e.options.speed+"ms "+e.options.cssEase:t[e.transitionType]="opacity "+e.options.speed+"ms "+e.options.cssEase,!1===e.options.fade?e.$slideTrack.css(t):e.$slides.eq(i).css(t)},e.prototype.autoPlay=function(){var i=this;i.autoPlayClear(),i.slideCount>i.options.slidesToShow&&(i.autoPlayTimer=setInterval(i.autoPlayIterator,i.options.autoplaySpeed))},e.prototype.autoPlayClear=function(){var i=this;i.autoPlayTimer&&clearInterval(i.autoPlayTimer)},e.prototype.autoPlayIterator=function(){var i=this,e=i.currentSlide+i.options.slidesToScroll;i.paused||i.interrupted||i.focussed||(!1===i.options.infinite&&(1===i.direction&&i.currentSlide+1===i.slideCount-1?i.direction=0:0===i.direction&&(e=i.currentSlide-i.options.slidesToScroll,i.currentSlide-1==0&&(i.direction=1))),i.slideHandler(e))},e.prototype.buildArrows=function(){var e=this;!0===e.options.arrows&&(e.$prevArrow=i(e.options.prevArrow).addClass("slick-arrow"),e.$nextArrow=i(e.options.nextArrow).addClass("slick-arrow"),e.slideCount>e.options.slidesToShow?(e.$prevArrow.removeClass("slick-hidden").removeAttr("aria-hidden tabindex"),e.$nextArrow.removeClass("slick-hidden").removeAttr("aria-hidden tabindex"),e.htmlExpr.test(e.options.prevArrow)&&e.$prevArrow.prependTo(e.options.appendArrows),e.htmlExpr.test(e.options.nextArrow)&&e.$nextArrow.appendTo(e.options.appendArrows),!0!==e.options.infinite&&e.$prevArrow.addClass("slick-disabled").attr("aria-disabled","true")):e.$prevArrow.add(e.$nextArrow).addClass("slick-hidden").attr({"aria-disabled":"true",tabindex:"-1"}))},e.prototype.buildDots=function(){var e,t,o=this;if(!0===o.options.dots){for(o.$slider.addClass("slick-dotted"),t=i("
").addClass(o.options.dotsClass),e=0;e<=o.getDotCount();e+=1)t.append(i(" ").append(o.options.customPaging.call(this,o,e)));o.$dots=t.appendTo(o.options.appendDots),o.$dots.find("li").first().addClass("slick-active")}},e.prototype.buildOut=function(){var e=this;e.$slides=e.$slider.children(e.options.slide+":not(.slick-cloned)").addClass("slick-slide"),e.slideCount=e.$slides.length,e.$slides.each(function(e,t){i(t).attr("data-slick-index",e).data("originalStyling",i(t).attr("style")||"")}),e.$slider.addClass("slick-slider"),e.$slideTrack=0===e.slideCount?i('
').appendTo(e.$slider):e.$slides.wrapAll('
').parent(),e.$list=e.$slideTrack.wrap('
').parent(),e.$slideTrack.css("opacity",0),!0!==e.options.centerMode&&!0!==e.options.swipeToSlide||(e.options.slidesToScroll=1),i("img[data-lazy]",e.$slider).not("[src]").addClass("slick-loading"),e.setupInfinite(),e.buildArrows(),e.buildDots(),e.updateDots(),e.setSlideClasses("number"==typeof e.currentSlide?e.currentSlide:0),!0===e.options.draggable&&e.$list.addClass("draggable")},e.prototype.buildRows=function(){var i,e,t,o,s,n,r,l=this;if(o=document.createDocumentFragment(),n=l.$slider.children(),l.options.rows>1){for(r=l.options.slidesPerRow*l.options.rows,s=Math.ceil(n.length/r),i=0;ir.breakpoints[o]&&(s=r.breakpoints[o]));null!==s?null!==r.activeBreakpoint?(s!==r.activeBreakpoint||t)&&(r.activeBreakpoint=s,"unslick"===r.breakpointSettings[s]?r.unslick(s):(r.options=i.extend({},r.originalSettings,r.breakpointSettings[s]),!0===e&&(r.currentSlide=r.options.initialSlide),r.refresh(e)),l=s):(r.activeBreakpoint=s,"unslick"===r.breakpointSettings[s]?r.unslick(s):(r.options=i.extend({},r.originalSettings,r.breakpointSettings[s]),!0===e&&(r.currentSlide=r.options.initialSlide),r.refresh(e)),l=s):null!==r.activeBreakpoint&&(r.activeBreakpoint=null,r.options=r.originalSettings,!0===e&&(r.currentSlide=r.options.initialSlide),r.refresh(e),l=s),e||!1===l||r.$slider.trigger("breakpoint",[r,l])}},e.prototype.changeSlide=function(e,t){var o,s,n,r=this,l=i(e.currentTarget);switch(l.is("a")&&e.preventDefault(),l.is("li")||(l=l.closest("li")),n=r.slideCount%r.options.slidesToScroll!=0,o=n?0:(r.slideCount-r.currentSlide)%r.options.slidesToScroll,e.data.message){case"previous":s=0===o?r.options.slidesToScroll:r.options.slidesToShow-o,r.slideCount>r.options.slidesToShow&&r.slideHandler(r.currentSlide-s,!1,t);break;case"next":s=0===o?r.options.slidesToScroll:o,r.slideCount>r.options.slidesToShow&&r.slideHandler(r.currentSlide+s,!1,t);break;case"index":var d=0===e.data.index?0:e.data.index||l.index()*r.options.slidesToScroll;r.slideHandler(r.checkNavigable(d),!1,t),l.children().trigger("focus");break;default:return}},e.prototype.checkNavigable=function(i){var e,t;if(e=this.getNavigableIndexes(),t=0,i>e[e.length-1])i=e[e.length-1];else for(var o in e){if(ie.options.slidesToShow&&(e.$prevArrow&&e.$prevArrow.off("click.slick",e.changeSlide),e.$nextArrow&&e.$nextArrow.off("click.slick",e.changeSlide),!0===e.options.accessibility&&(e.$prevArrow&&e.$prevArrow.off("keydown.slick",e.keyHandler),e.$nextArrow&&e.$nextArrow.off("keydown.slick",e.keyHandler))),e.$list.off("touchstart.slick mousedown.slick",e.swipeHandler),e.$list.off("touchmove.slick mousemove.slick",e.swipeHandler),e.$list.off("touchend.slick mouseup.slick",e.swipeHandler),e.$list.off("touchcancel.slick mouseleave.slick",e.swipeHandler),e.$list.off("click.slick",e.clickHandler),i(document).off(e.visibilityChange,e.visibility),e.cleanUpSlideEvents(),!0===e.options.accessibility&&e.$list.off("keydown.slick",e.keyHandler),!0===e.options.focusOnSelect&&i(e.$slideTrack).children().off("click.slick",e.selectHandler),i(window).off("orientationchange.slick.slick-"+e.instanceUid,e.orientationChange),i(window).off("resize.slick.slick-"+e.instanceUid,e.resize),i("[draggable!=true]",e.$slideTrack).off("dragstart",e.preventDefault),i(window).off("load.slick.slick-"+e.instanceUid,e.setPosition)},e.prototype.cleanUpSlideEvents=function(){var e=this;e.$list.off("mouseenter.slick",i.proxy(e.interrupt,e,!0)),e.$list.off("mouseleave.slick",i.proxy(e.interrupt,e,!1))},e.prototype.cleanUpRows=function(){var i,e=this;e.options.rows>1&&((i=e.$slides.children().children()).removeAttr("style"),e.$slider.empty().append(i))},e.prototype.clickHandler=function(i){!1===this.shouldClick&&(i.stopImmediatePropagation(),i.stopPropagation(),i.preventDefault())},e.prototype.destroy=function(e){var t=this;t.autoPlayClear(),t.touchObject={},t.cleanUpEvents(),i(".slick-cloned",t.$slider).detach(),t.$dots&&t.$dots.remove(),t.$prevArrow&&t.$prevArrow.length&&(t.$prevArrow.removeClass("slick-disabled slick-arrow slick-hidden").removeAttr("aria-hidden aria-disabled tabindex").css("display",""),t.htmlExpr.test(t.options.prevArrow)&&t.$prevArrow.remove()),t.$nextArrow&&t.$nextArrow.length&&(t.$nextArrow.removeClass("slick-disabled slick-arrow slick-hidden").removeAttr("aria-hidden aria-disabled tabindex").css("display",""),t.htmlExpr.test(t.options.nextArrow)&&t.$nextArrow.remove()),t.$slides&&(t.$slides.removeClass("slick-slide slick-active slick-center slick-visible slick-current").removeAttr("aria-hidden").removeAttr("data-slick-index").each(function(){i(this).attr("style",i(this).data("originalStyling"))}),t.$slideTrack.children(this.options.slide).detach(),t.$slideTrack.detach(),t.$list.detach(),t.$slider.append(t.$slides)),t.cleanUpRows(),t.$slider.removeClass("slick-slider"),t.$slider.removeClass("slick-initialized"),t.$slider.removeClass("slick-dotted"),t.unslicked=!0,e||t.$slider.trigger("destroy",[t])},e.prototype.disableTransition=function(i){var e=this,t={};t[e.transitionType]="",!1===e.options.fade?e.$slideTrack.css(t):e.$slides.eq(i).css(t)},e.prototype.fadeSlide=function(i,e){var t=this;!1===t.cssTransitions?(t.$slides.eq(i).css({zIndex:t.options.zIndex}),t.$slides.eq(i).animate({opacity:1},t.options.speed,t.options.easing,e)):(t.applyTransition(i),t.$slides.eq(i).css({opacity:1,zIndex:t.options.zIndex}),e&&setTimeout(function(){t.disableTransition(i),e.call()},t.options.speed))},e.prototype.fadeSlideOut=function(i){var e=this;!1===e.cssTransitions?e.$slides.eq(i).animate({opacity:0,zIndex:e.options.zIndex-2},e.options.speed,e.options.easing):(e.applyTransition(i),e.$slides.eq(i).css({opacity:0,zIndex:e.options.zIndex-2}))},e.prototype.filterSlides=e.prototype.slickFilter=function(i){var e=this;null!==i&&(e.$slidesCache=e.$slides,e.unload(),e.$slideTrack.children(this.options.slide).detach(),e.$slidesCache.filter(i).appendTo(e.$slideTrack),e.reinit())},e.prototype.focusHandler=function(){var e=this;e.$slider.off("focus.slick blur.slick").on("focus.slick blur.slick","*",function(t){t.stopImmediatePropagation();var o=i(this);setTimeout(function(){e.options.pauseOnFocus&&(e.focussed=o.is(":focus"),e.autoPlay())},0)})},e.prototype.getCurrent=e.prototype.slickCurrentSlide=function(){return this.currentSlide},e.prototype.getDotCount=function(){var i=this,e=0,t=0,o=0;if(!0===i.options.infinite)if(i.slideCount<=i.options.slidesToShow)++o;else for(;en.options.slidesToShow&&(n.slideOffset=n.slideWidth*n.options.slidesToShow*-1,s=-1,!0===n.options.vertical&&!0===n.options.centerMode&&(2===n.options.slidesToShow?s=-1.5:1===n.options.slidesToShow&&(s=-2)),r=t*n.options.slidesToShow*s),n.slideCount%n.options.slidesToScroll!=0&&i+n.options.slidesToScroll>n.slideCount&&n.slideCount>n.options.slidesToShow&&(i>n.slideCount?(n.slideOffset=(n.options.slidesToShow-(i-n.slideCount))*n.slideWidth*-1,r=(n.options.slidesToShow-(i-n.slideCount))*t*-1):(n.slideOffset=n.slideCount%n.options.slidesToScroll*n.slideWidth*-1,r=n.slideCount%n.options.slidesToScroll*t*-1))):i+n.options.slidesToShow>n.slideCount&&(n.slideOffset=(i+n.options.slidesToShow-n.slideCount)*n.slideWidth,r=(i+n.options.slidesToShow-n.slideCount)*t),n.slideCount<=n.options.slidesToShow&&(n.slideOffset=0,r=0),!0===n.options.centerMode&&n.slideCount<=n.options.slidesToShow?n.slideOffset=n.slideWidth*Math.floor(n.options.slidesToShow)/2-n.slideWidth*n.slideCount/2:!0===n.options.centerMode&&!0===n.options.infinite?n.slideOffset+=n.slideWidth*Math.floor(n.options.slidesToShow/2)-n.slideWidth:!0===n.options.centerMode&&(n.slideOffset=0,n.slideOffset+=n.slideWidth*Math.floor(n.options.slidesToShow/2)),e=!1===n.options.vertical?i*n.slideWidth*-1+n.slideOffset:i*t*-1+r,!0===n.options.variableWidth&&(o=n.slideCount<=n.options.slidesToShow||!1===n.options.infinite?n.$slideTrack.children(".slick-slide").eq(i):n.$slideTrack.children(".slick-slide").eq(i+n.options.slidesToShow),e=!0===n.options.rtl?o[0]?-1*(n.$slideTrack.width()-o[0].offsetLeft-o.width()):0:o[0]?-1*o[0].offsetLeft:0,!0===n.options.centerMode&&(o=n.slideCount<=n.options.slidesToShow||!1===n.options.infinite?n.$slideTrack.children(".slick-slide").eq(i):n.$slideTrack.children(".slick-slide").eq(i+n.options.slidesToShow+1),e=!0===n.options.rtl?o[0]?-1*(n.$slideTrack.width()-o[0].offsetLeft-o.width()):0:o[0]?-1*o[0].offsetLeft:0,e+=(n.$list.width()-o.outerWidth())/2)),e},e.prototype.getOption=e.prototype.slickGetOption=function(i){return this.options[i]},e.prototype.getNavigableIndexes=function(){var i,e=this,t=0,o=0,s=[];for(!1===e.options.infinite?i=e.slideCount:(t=-1*e.options.slidesToScroll,o=-1*e.options.slidesToScroll,i=2*e.slideCount);t-1*o.swipeLeft)return e=n,!1}),Math.abs(i(e).attr("data-slick-index")-o.currentSlide)||1):o.options.slidesToScroll},e.prototype.goTo=e.prototype.slickGoTo=function(i,e){this.changeSlide({data:{message:"index",index:parseInt(i)}},e)},e.prototype.init=function(e){var t=this;i(t.$slider).hasClass("slick-initialized")||(i(t.$slider).addClass("slick-initialized"),t.buildRows(),t.buildOut(),t.setProps(),t.startLoad(),t.loadSlider(),t.initializeEvents(),t.updateArrows(),t.updateDots(),t.checkResponsive(!0),t.focusHandler()),e&&t.$slider.trigger("init",[t]),!0===t.options.accessibility&&t.initADA(),t.options.autoplay&&(t.paused=!1,t.autoPlay())},e.prototype.initADA=function(){var e=this,t=Math.ceil(e.slideCount/e.options.slidesToShow),o=e.getNavigableIndexes().filter(function(i){return i>=0&&ii.options.slidesToShow&&(i.$prevArrow.off("click.slick").on("click.slick",{message:"previous"},i.changeSlide),i.$nextArrow.off("click.slick").on("click.slick",{message:"next"},i.changeSlide),!0===i.options.accessibility&&(i.$prevArrow.on("keydown.slick",i.keyHandler),i.$nextArrow.on("keydown.slick",i.keyHandler)))},e.prototype.initDotEvents=function(){var e=this;!0===e.options.dots&&(i("li",e.$dots).on("click.slick",{message:"index"},e.changeSlide),!0===e.options.accessibility&&e.$dots.on("keydown.slick",e.keyHandler)),!0===e.options.dots&&!0===e.options.pauseOnDotsHover&&i("li",e.$dots).on("mouseenter.slick",i.proxy(e.interrupt,e,!0)).on("mouseleave.slick",i.proxy(e.interrupt,e,!1))},e.prototype.initSlideEvents=function(){var e=this;e.options.pauseOnHover&&(e.$list.on("mouseenter.slick",i.proxy(e.interrupt,e,!0)),e.$list.on("mouseleave.slick",i.proxy(e.interrupt,e,!1)))},e.prototype.initializeEvents=function(){var e=this;e.initArrowEvents(),e.initDotEvents(),e.initSlideEvents(),e.$list.on("touchstart.slick mousedown.slick",{action:"start"},e.swipeHandler),e.$list.on("touchmove.slick mousemove.slick",{action:"move"},e.swipeHandler),e.$list.on("touchend.slick mouseup.slick",{action:"end"},e.swipeHandler),e.$list.on("touchcancel.slick mouseleave.slick",{action:"end"},e.swipeHandler),e.$list.on("click.slick",e.clickHandler),i(document).on(e.visibilityChange,i.proxy(e.visibility,e)),!0===e.options.accessibility&&e.$list.on("keydown.slick",e.keyHandler),!0===e.options.focusOnSelect&&i(e.$slideTrack).children().on("click.slick",e.selectHandler),i(window).on("orientationchange.slick.slick-"+e.instanceUid,i.proxy(e.orientationChange,e)),i(window).on("resize.slick.slick-"+e.instanceUid,i.proxy(e.resize,e)),i("[draggable!=true]",e.$slideTrack).on("dragstart",e.preventDefault),i(window).on("load.slick.slick-"+e.instanceUid,e.setPosition),i(e.setPosition)},e.prototype.initUI=function(){var i=this;!0===i.options.arrows&&i.slideCount>i.options.slidesToShow&&(i.$prevArrow.show(),i.$nextArrow.show()),!0===i.options.dots&&i.slideCount>i.options.slidesToShow&&i.$dots.show()},e.prototype.keyHandler=function(i){var e=this;i.target.tagName.match("TEXTAREA|INPUT|SELECT")||(37===i.keyCode&&!0===e.options.accessibility?e.changeSlide({data:{message:!0===e.options.rtl?"next":"previous"}}):39===i.keyCode&&!0===e.options.accessibility&&e.changeSlide({data:{message:!0===e.options.rtl?"previous":"next"}}))},e.prototype.lazyLoad=function(){function e(e){i("img[data-lazy]",e).each(function(){var e=i(this),t=i(this).attr("data-lazy"),o=i(this).attr("data-srcset"),s=i(this).attr("data-sizes")||n.$slider.attr("data-sizes"),r=document.createElement("img");r.onload=function(){e.animate({opacity:0},100,function(){o&&(e.attr("srcset",o),s&&e.attr("sizes",s)),e.attr("src",t).animate({opacity:1},200,function(){e.removeAttr("data-lazy data-srcset data-sizes").removeClass("slick-loading")}),n.$slider.trigger("lazyLoaded",[n,e,t])})},r.onerror=function(){e.removeAttr("data-lazy").removeClass("slick-loading").addClass("slick-lazyload-error"),n.$slider.trigger("lazyLoadError",[n,e,t])},r.src=t})}var t,o,s,n=this;if(!0===n.options.centerMode?!0===n.options.infinite?s=(o=n.currentSlide+(n.options.slidesToShow/2+1))+n.options.slidesToShow+2:(o=Math.max(0,n.currentSlide-(n.options.slidesToShow/2+1)),s=n.options.slidesToShow/2+1+2+n.currentSlide):(o=n.options.infinite?n.options.slidesToShow+n.currentSlide:n.currentSlide,s=Math.ceil(o+n.options.slidesToShow),!0===n.options.fade&&(o>0&&o--,s<=n.slideCount&&s++)),t=n.$slider.find(".slick-slide").slice(o,s),"anticipated"===n.options.lazyLoad)for(var r=o-1,l=s,d=n.$slider.find(".slick-slide"),a=0;a=n.slideCount-n.options.slidesToShow?e(n.$slider.find(".slick-cloned").slice(0,n.options.slidesToShow)):0===n.currentSlide&&e(n.$slider.find(".slick-cloned").slice(-1*n.options.slidesToShow))},e.prototype.loadSlider=function(){var i=this;i.setPosition(),i.$slideTrack.css({opacity:1}),i.$slider.removeClass("slick-loading"),i.initUI(),"progressive"===i.options.lazyLoad&&i.progressiveLazyLoad()},e.prototype.next=e.prototype.slickNext=function(){this.changeSlide({data:{message:"next"}})},e.prototype.orientationChange=function(){var i=this;i.checkResponsive(),i.setPosition()},e.prototype.pause=e.prototype.slickPause=function(){var i=this;i.autoPlayClear(),i.paused=!0},e.prototype.play=e.prototype.slickPlay=function(){var i=this;i.autoPlay(),i.options.autoplay=!0,i.paused=!1,i.focussed=!1,i.interrupted=!1},e.prototype.postSlide=function(e){var t=this;t.unslicked||(t.$slider.trigger("afterChange",[t,e]),t.animating=!1,t.slideCount>t.options.slidesToShow&&t.setPosition(),t.swipeLeft=null,t.options.autoplay&&t.autoPlay(),!0===t.options.accessibility&&(t.initADA(),t.options.focusOnChange&&i(t.$slides.get(t.currentSlide)).attr("tabindex",0).focus()))},e.prototype.prev=e.prototype.slickPrev=function(){this.changeSlide({data:{message:"previous"}})},e.prototype.preventDefault=function(i){i.preventDefault()},e.prototype.progressiveLazyLoad=function(e){e=e||1;var t,o,s,n,r,l=this,d=i("img[data-lazy]",l.$slider);d.length?(t=d.first(),o=t.attr("data-lazy"),s=t.attr("data-srcset"),n=t.attr("data-sizes")||l.$slider.attr("data-sizes"),(r=document.createElement("img")).onload=function(){s&&(t.attr("srcset",s),n&&t.attr("sizes",n)),t.attr("src",o).removeAttr("data-lazy data-srcset data-sizes").removeClass("slick-loading"),!0===l.options.adaptiveHeight&&l.setPosition(),l.$slider.trigger("lazyLoaded",[l,t,o]),l.progressiveLazyLoad()},r.onerror=function(){e<3?setTimeout(function(){l.progressiveLazyLoad(e+1)},500):(t.removeAttr("data-lazy").removeClass("slick-loading").addClass("slick-lazyload-error"),l.$slider.trigger("lazyLoadError",[l,t,o]),l.progressiveLazyLoad())},r.src=o):l.$slider.trigger("allImagesLoaded",[l])},e.prototype.refresh=function(e){var t,o,s=this;o=s.slideCount-s.options.slidesToShow,!s.options.infinite&&s.currentSlide>o&&(s.currentSlide=o),s.slideCount<=s.options.slidesToShow&&(s.currentSlide=0),t=s.currentSlide,s.destroy(!0),i.extend(s,s.initials,{currentSlide:t}),s.init(),e||s.changeSlide({data:{message:"index",index:t}},!1)},e.prototype.registerBreakpoints=function(){var e,t,o,s=this,n=s.options.responsive||null;if("array"===i.type(n)&&n.length){s.respondTo=s.options.respondTo||"window";for(e in n)if(o=s.breakpoints.length-1,n.hasOwnProperty(e)){for(t=n[e].breakpoint;o>=0;)s.breakpoints[o]&&s.breakpoints[o]===t&&s.breakpoints.splice(o,1),o--;s.breakpoints.push(t),s.breakpointSettings[t]=n[e].settings}s.breakpoints.sort(function(i,e){return s.options.mobileFirst?i-e:e-i})}},e.prototype.reinit=function(){var e=this;e.$slides=e.$slideTrack.children(e.options.slide).addClass("slick-slide"),e.slideCount=e.$slides.length,e.currentSlide>=e.slideCount&&0!==e.currentSlide&&(e.currentSlide=e.currentSlide-e.options.slidesToScroll),e.slideCount<=e.options.slidesToShow&&(e.currentSlide=0),e.registerBreakpoints(),e.setProps(),e.setupInfinite(),e.buildArrows(),e.updateArrows(),e.initArrowEvents(),e.buildDots(),e.updateDots(),e.initDotEvents(),e.cleanUpSlideEvents(),e.initSlideEvents(),e.checkResponsive(!1,!0),!0===e.options.focusOnSelect&&i(e.$slideTrack).children().on("click.slick",e.selectHandler),e.setSlideClasses("number"==typeof e.currentSlide?e.currentSlide:0),e.setPosition(),e.focusHandler(),e.paused=!e.options.autoplay,e.autoPlay(),e.$slider.trigger("reInit",[e])},e.prototype.resize=function(){var e=this;i(window).width()!==e.windowWidth&&(clearTimeout(e.windowDelay),e.windowDelay=window.setTimeout(function(){e.windowWidth=i(window).width(),e.checkResponsive(),e.unslicked||e.setPosition()},50))},e.prototype.removeSlide=e.prototype.slickRemove=function(i,e,t){var o=this;if(i="boolean"==typeof i?!0===(e=i)?0:o.slideCount-1:!0===e?--i:i,o.slideCount<1||i<0||i>o.slideCount-1)return!1;o.unload(),!0===t?o.$slideTrack.children().remove():o.$slideTrack.children(this.options.slide).eq(i).remove(),o.$slides=o.$slideTrack.children(this.options.slide),o.$slideTrack.children(this.options.slide).detach(),o.$slideTrack.append(o.$slides),o.$slidesCache=o.$slides,o.reinit()},e.prototype.setCSS=function(i){var e,t,o=this,s={};!0===o.options.rtl&&(i=-i),e="left"==o.positionProp?Math.ceil(i)+"px":"0px",t="top"==o.positionProp?Math.ceil(i)+"px":"0px",s[o.positionProp]=i,!1===o.transformsEnabled?o.$slideTrack.css(s):(s={},!1===o.cssTransitions?(s[o.animType]="translate("+e+", "+t+")",o.$slideTrack.css(s)):(s[o.animType]="translate3d("+e+", "+t+", 0px)",o.$slideTrack.css(s)))},e.prototype.setDimensions=function(){var i=this;!1===i.options.vertical?!0===i.options.centerMode&&i.$list.css({padding:"0px "+i.options.centerPadding}):(i.$list.height(i.$slides.first().outerHeight(!0)*i.options.slidesToShow),!0===i.options.centerMode&&i.$list.css({padding:i.options.centerPadding+" 0px"})),i.listWidth=i.$list.width(),i.listHeight=i.$list.height(),!1===i.options.vertical&&!1===i.options.variableWidth?(i.slideWidth=Math.ceil(i.listWidth/i.options.slidesToShow),i.$slideTrack.width(Math.ceil(i.slideWidth*i.$slideTrack.children(".slick-slide").length))):!0===i.options.variableWidth?i.$slideTrack.width(5e3*i.slideCount):(i.slideWidth=Math.ceil(i.listWidth),i.$slideTrack.height(Math.ceil(i.$slides.first().outerHeight(!0)*i.$slideTrack.children(".slick-slide").length)));var e=i.$slides.first().outerWidth(!0)-i.$slides.first().width();!1===i.options.variableWidth&&i.$slideTrack.children(".slick-slide").width(i.slideWidth-e)},e.prototype.setFade=function(){var e,t=this;t.$slides.each(function(o,s){e=t.slideWidth*o*-1,!0===t.options.rtl?i(s).css({position:"relative",right:e,top:0,zIndex:t.options.zIndex-2,opacity:0}):i(s).css({position:"relative",left:e,top:0,zIndex:t.options.zIndex-2,opacity:0})}),t.$slides.eq(t.currentSlide).css({zIndex:t.options.zIndex-1,opacity:1})},e.prototype.setHeight=function(){var i=this;if(1===i.options.slidesToShow&&!0===i.options.adaptiveHeight&&!1===i.options.vertical){var e=i.$slides.eq(i.currentSlide).outerHeight(!0);i.$list.css("height",e)}},e.prototype.setOption=e.prototype.slickSetOption=function(){var e,t,o,s,n,r=this,l=!1;if("object"===i.type(arguments[0])?(o=arguments[0],l=arguments[1],n="multiple"):"string"===i.type(arguments[0])&&(o=arguments[0],s=arguments[1],l=arguments[2],"responsive"===arguments[0]&&"array"===i.type(arguments[1])?n="responsive":void 0!==arguments[1]&&(n="single")),"single"===n)r.options[o]=s;else if("multiple"===n)i.each(o,function(i,e){r.options[i]=e});else if("responsive"===n)for(t in s)if("array"!==i.type(r.options.responsive))r.options.responsive=[s[t]];else{for(e=r.options.responsive.length-1;e>=0;)r.options.responsive[e].breakpoint===s[t].breakpoint&&r.options.responsive.splice(e,1),e--;r.options.responsive.push(s[t])}l&&(r.unload(),r.reinit())},e.prototype.setPosition=function(){var i=this;i.setDimensions(),i.setHeight(),!1===i.options.fade?i.setCSS(i.getLeft(i.currentSlide)):i.setFade(),i.$slider.trigger("setPosition",[i])},e.prototype.setProps=function(){var i=this,e=document.body.style;i.positionProp=!0===i.options.vertical?"top":"left","top"===i.positionProp?i.$slider.addClass("slick-vertical"):i.$slider.removeClass("slick-vertical"),void 0===e.WebkitTransition&&void 0===e.MozTransition&&void 0===e.msTransition||!0===i.options.useCSS&&(i.cssTransitions=!0),i.options.fade&&("number"==typeof i.options.zIndex?i.options.zIndex<3&&(i.options.zIndex=3):i.options.zIndex=i.defaults.zIndex),void 0!==e.OTransform&&(i.animType="OTransform",i.transformType="-o-transform",i.transitionType="OTransition",void 0===e.perspectiveProperty&&void 0===e.webkitPerspective&&(i.animType=!1)),void 0!==e.MozTransform&&(i.animType="MozTransform",i.transformType="-moz-transform",i.transitionType="MozTransition",void 0===e.perspectiveProperty&&void 0===e.MozPerspective&&(i.animType=!1)),void 0!==e.webkitTransform&&(i.animType="webkitTransform",i.transformType="-webkit-transform",i.transitionType="webkitTransition",void 0===e.perspectiveProperty&&void 0===e.webkitPerspective&&(i.animType=!1)),void 0!==e.msTransform&&(i.animType="msTransform",i.transformType="-ms-transform",i.transitionType="msTransition",void 0===e.msTransform&&(i.animType=!1)),void 0!==e.transform&&!1!==i.animType&&(i.animType="transform",i.transformType="transform",i.transitionType="transition"),i.transformsEnabled=i.options.useTransform&&null!==i.animType&&!1!==i.animType},e.prototype.setSlideClasses=function(i){var e,t,o,s,n=this;if(t=n.$slider.find(".slick-slide").removeClass("slick-active slick-center slick-current").attr("aria-hidden","true"),n.$slides.eq(i).addClass("slick-current"),!0===n.options.centerMode){var r=n.options.slidesToShow%2==0?1:0;e=Math.floor(n.options.slidesToShow/2),!0===n.options.infinite&&(i>=e&&i<=n.slideCount-1-e?n.$slides.slice(i-e+r,i+e+1).addClass("slick-active").attr("aria-hidden","false"):(o=n.options.slidesToShow+i,t.slice(o-e+1+r,o+e+2).addClass("slick-active").attr("aria-hidden","false")),0===i?t.eq(t.length-1-n.options.slidesToShow).addClass("slick-center"):i===n.slideCount-1&&t.eq(n.options.slidesToShow).addClass("slick-center")),n.$slides.eq(i).addClass("slick-center")}else i>=0&&i<=n.slideCount-n.options.slidesToShow?n.$slides.slice(i,i+n.options.slidesToShow).addClass("slick-active").attr("aria-hidden","false"):t.length<=n.options.slidesToShow?t.addClass("slick-active").attr("aria-hidden","false"):(s=n.slideCount%n.options.slidesToShow,o=!0===n.options.infinite?n.options.slidesToShow+i:i,n.options.slidesToShow==n.options.slidesToScroll&&n.slideCount-is.options.slidesToShow)){for(o=!0===s.options.centerMode?s.options.slidesToShow+1:s.options.slidesToShow,e=s.slideCount;e>s.slideCount-o;e-=1)t=e-1,i(s.$slides[t]).clone(!0).attr("id","").attr("data-slick-index",t-s.slideCount).prependTo(s.$slideTrack).addClass("slick-cloned");for(e=0;ea.getDotCount()*a.options.slidesToScroll))!1===a.options.fade&&(o=a.currentSlide,!0!==t?a.animateSlide(r,function(){a.postSlide(o)}):a.postSlide(o));else if(!1===a.options.infinite&&!0===a.options.centerMode&&(i<0||i>a.slideCount-a.options.slidesToScroll))!1===a.options.fade&&(o=a.currentSlide,!0!==t?a.animateSlide(r,function(){a.postSlide(o)}):a.postSlide(o));else{if(a.options.autoplay&&clearInterval(a.autoPlayTimer),s=o<0?a.slideCount%a.options.slidesToScroll!=0?a.slideCount-a.slideCount%a.options.slidesToScroll:a.slideCount+o:o>=a.slideCount?a.slideCount%a.options.slidesToScroll!=0?0:o-a.slideCount:o,a.animating=!0,a.$slider.trigger("beforeChange",[a,a.currentSlide,s]),n=a.currentSlide,a.currentSlide=s,a.setSlideClasses(a.currentSlide),a.options.asNavFor&&(l=(l=a.getNavTarget()).slick("getSlick")).slideCount<=l.options.slidesToShow&&l.setSlideClasses(a.currentSlide),a.updateDots(),a.updateArrows(),!0===a.options.fade)return!0!==t?(a.fadeSlideOut(n),a.fadeSlide(s,function(){a.postSlide(s)})):a.postSlide(s),void a.animateHeight();!0!==t?a.animateSlide(d,function(){a.postSlide(s)}):a.postSlide(s)}},e.prototype.startLoad=function(){var i=this;!0===i.options.arrows&&i.slideCount>i.options.slidesToShow&&(i.$prevArrow.hide(),i.$nextArrow.hide()),!0===i.options.dots&&i.slideCount>i.options.slidesToShow&&i.$dots.hide(),i.$slider.addClass("slick-loading")},e.prototype.swipeDirection=function(){var i,e,t,o,s=this;return i=s.touchObject.startX-s.touchObject.curX,e=s.touchObject.startY-s.touchObject.curY,t=Math.atan2(e,i),(o=Math.round(180*t/Math.PI))<0&&(o=360-Math.abs(o)),o<=45&&o>=0?!1===s.options.rtl?"left":"right":o<=360&&o>=315?!1===s.options.rtl?"left":"right":o>=135&&o<=225?!1===s.options.rtl?"right":"left":!0===s.options.verticalSwiping?o>=35&&o<=135?"down":"up":"vertical"},e.prototype.swipeEnd=function(i){var e,t,o=this;if(o.dragging=!1,o.swiping=!1,o.scrolling)return o.scrolling=!1,!1;if(o.interrupted=!1,o.shouldClick=!(o.touchObject.swipeLength>10),void 0===o.touchObject.curX)return!1;if(!0===o.touchObject.edgeHit&&o.$slider.trigger("edge",[o,o.swipeDirection()]),o.touchObject.swipeLength>=o.touchObject.minSwipe){switch(t=o.swipeDirection()){case"left":case"down":e=o.options.swipeToSlide?o.checkNavigable(o.currentSlide+o.getSlideCount()):o.currentSlide+o.getSlideCount(),o.currentDirection=0;break;case"right":case"up":e=o.options.swipeToSlide?o.checkNavigable(o.currentSlide-o.getSlideCount()):o.currentSlide-o.getSlideCount(),o.currentDirection=1}"vertical"!=t&&(o.slideHandler(e),o.touchObject={},o.$slider.trigger("swipe",[o,t]))}else o.touchObject.startX!==o.touchObject.curX&&(o.slideHandler(o.currentSlide),o.touchObject={})},e.prototype.swipeHandler=function(i){var e=this;if(!(!1===e.options.swipe||"ontouchend"in document&&!1===e.options.swipe||!1===e.options.draggable&&-1!==i.type.indexOf("mouse")))switch(e.touchObject.fingerCount=i.originalEvent&&void 0!==i.originalEvent.touches?i.originalEvent.touches.length:1,e.touchObject.minSwipe=e.listWidth/e.options.touchThreshold,!0===e.options.verticalSwiping&&(e.touchObject.minSwipe=e.listHeight/e.options.touchThreshold),i.data.action){case"start":e.swipeStart(i);break;case"move":e.swipeMove(i);break;case"end":e.swipeEnd(i)}},e.prototype.swipeMove=function(i){var e,t,o,s,n,r,l=this;return n=void 0!==i.originalEvent?i.originalEvent.touches:null,!(!l.dragging||l.scrolling||n&&1!==n.length)&&(e=l.getLeft(l.currentSlide),l.touchObject.curX=void 0!==n?n[0].pageX:i.clientX,l.touchObject.curY=void 0!==n?n[0].pageY:i.clientY,l.touchObject.swipeLength=Math.round(Math.sqrt(Math.pow(l.touchObject.curX-l.touchObject.startX,2))),r=Math.round(Math.sqrt(Math.pow(l.touchObject.curY-l.touchObject.startY,2))),!l.options.verticalSwiping&&!l.swiping&&r>4?(l.scrolling=!0,!1):(!0===l.options.verticalSwiping&&(l.touchObject.swipeLength=r),t=l.swipeDirection(),void 0!==i.originalEvent&&l.touchObject.swipeLength>4&&(l.swiping=!0,i.preventDefault()),s=(!1===l.options.rtl?1:-1)*(l.touchObject.curX>l.touchObject.startX?1:-1),!0===l.options.verticalSwiping&&(s=l.touchObject.curY>l.touchObject.startY?1:-1),o=l.touchObject.swipeLength,l.touchObject.edgeHit=!1,!1===l.options.infinite&&(0===l.currentSlide&&"right"===t||l.currentSlide>=l.getDotCount()&&"left"===t)&&(o=l.touchObject.swipeLength*l.options.edgeFriction,l.touchObject.edgeHit=!0),!1===l.options.vertical?l.swipeLeft=e+o*s:l.swipeLeft=e+o*(l.$list.height()/l.listWidth)*s,!0===l.options.verticalSwiping&&(l.swipeLeft=e+o*s),!0!==l.options.fade&&!1!==l.options.touchMove&&(!0===l.animating?(l.swipeLeft=null,!1):void l.setCSS(l.swipeLeft))))},e.prototype.swipeStart=function(i){var e,t=this;if(t.interrupted=!0,1!==t.touchObject.fingerCount||t.slideCount<=t.options.slidesToShow)return t.touchObject={},!1;void 0!==i.originalEvent&&void 0!==i.originalEvent.touches&&(e=i.originalEvent.touches[0]),t.touchObject.startX=t.touchObject.curX=void 0!==e?e.pageX:i.clientX,t.touchObject.startY=t.touchObject.curY=void 0!==e?e.pageY:i.clientY,t.dragging=!0},e.prototype.unfilterSlides=e.prototype.slickUnfilter=function(){var i=this;null!==i.$slidesCache&&(i.unload(),i.$slideTrack.children(this.options.slide).detach(),i.$slidesCache.appendTo(i.$slideTrack),i.reinit())},e.prototype.unload=function(){var e=this;i(".slick-cloned",e.$slider).remove(),e.$dots&&e.$dots.remove(),e.$prevArrow&&e.htmlExpr.test(e.options.prevArrow)&&e.$prevArrow.remove(),e.$nextArrow&&e.htmlExpr.test(e.options.nextArrow)&&e.$nextArrow.remove(),e.$slides.removeClass("slick-slide slick-active slick-visible slick-current").attr("aria-hidden","true").css("width","")},e.prototype.unslick=function(i){var e=this;e.$slider.trigger("unslick",[e,i]),e.destroy()},e.prototype.updateArrows=function(){var i=this;Math.floor(i.options.slidesToShow/2),!0===i.options.arrows&&i.slideCount>i.options.slidesToShow&&!i.options.infinite&&(i.$prevArrow.removeClass("slick-disabled").attr("aria-disabled","false"),i.$nextArrow.removeClass("slick-disabled").attr("aria-disabled","false"),0===i.currentSlide?(i.$prevArrow.addClass("slick-disabled").attr("aria-disabled","true"),i.$nextArrow.removeClass("slick-disabled").attr("aria-disabled","false")):i.currentSlide>=i.slideCount-i.options.slidesToShow&&!1===i.options.centerMode?(i.$nextArrow.addClass("slick-disabled").attr("aria-disabled","true"),i.$prevArrow.removeClass("slick-disabled").attr("aria-disabled","false")):i.currentSlide>=i.slideCount-1&&!0===i.options.centerMode&&(i.$nextArrow.addClass("slick-disabled").attr("aria-disabled","true"),i.$prevArrow.removeClass("slick-disabled").attr("aria-disabled","false")))},e.prototype.updateDots=function(){var i=this;null!==i.$dots&&(i.$dots.find("li").removeClass("slick-active").end(),i.$dots.find("li").eq(Math.floor(i.currentSlide/i.options.slidesToScroll)).addClass("slick-active"))},e.prototype.visibility=function(){var i=this;i.options.autoplay&&(document[i.hidden]?i.interrupted=!0:i.interrupted=!1)},i.fn.slick=function(){var i,t,o=this,s=arguments[0],n=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,1),r=o.length;for(i=0;i250){$("header").addClass("headershrinkcontainer");$("header").removeClass("headercontainer");$("#headermenu").addClass("menushrinkclass");$("#headermenu").removeClass("menuclass");$("#headermobiel").addClass("headershrinkmobiel");$("#headermobiel").removeClass("headermobiel");$("#headerlogo").addClass("headershrinklogo");$("#headerlogo").removeClass("headerlogo");$("#compleetlogo").fadeOut("fast");$("#logotitel").addClass("displaynone");}else{$("header").addClass("headercontainer");$("header").removeClass("headershrinkcontainer");$("#headermenu").addClass("menuclass");$("#headermenu").removeClass("menushrinkclass");$("#headermobiel").addClass("headermobiel");$("#headermobiel").removeClass("headershrinkmobiel");$("#headerlogo").addClass("headerlogo");$("#headerlogo").removeClass("headershrinklogo");$("#compleetlogo").fadeIn("slow");$("#logotitel").removeClass("displaynone");}});$(document).on("scroll",function(){if($(document).scrollTop()>250){$("header").addClass("headershrinkcontainer");$("header").removeClass("headercontainer");$("#headermenu").addClass("menushrinkclass");$("#headermenu").removeClass("menuclass");$("#headermobiel").addClass("headershrinkmobiel");$("#headermobiel").removeClass("headermobiel");$("#headerlogo").addClass("headershrinklogo");$("#headerlogo").removeClass("headerlogo");$("#compleetlogo").fadeOut("fast");$("#logotitel").addClass("displaynone");}else{$("header").addClass("headercontainer");$("header").removeClass("headershrinkcontainer");$("#headermenu").addClass("menuclass");$("#headermenu").removeClass("menushrinkclass");$("#headermobiel").addClass("headermobiel");$("#headermobiel").removeClass("headershrinkmobiel");$("#headerlogo").addClass("headerlogo");$("#headerlogo").removeClass("headershrinklogo");$("#compleetlogo").fadeIn("slow");$("#logotitel").removeClass("displaynone");}});$(document).ready(function(){$(".mmli").mouseover(function(){$(this).find(".mmsubli").removeClass("displaynone");});});$(document).ready(function(){$(".hb_container").click(function(){$(".toonmobilemenu").stop().slideToggle(10)})});$(".hb_container").click(function(){if($(".toonmobilemenu").css("display")!="block"){$(window).scrollTop(0);$(".hb_container").addClass("change");$("#mobilemenubox").fadeIn("slow");};if($(".toonmobilemenu").css("display")=="block"){$(".hb_container").removeClass("change");$("#mobilemenubox").fadeOut("slow");};});$(document).ready(function(){$(".mobilemenubox").click(function(){$(".toonmobilemenu").stop().slideToggle(10)})});$(".mobilemenubox").click(function(){if($(".toonmobilemenu").css("display")!="block"){$(".hb_container").addClass("change");$("#mobilemenubox").fadeIn("slow");};if($(".toonmobilemenu").css("display")=="block"){$(".hb_container").removeClass("change");$("#mobilemenubox").fadeOut("slow");};});
$("#nieuwsbrief_submit2").click(function(){$("#nieuwsbrief_form2").submit()});
}}Geplaatst op 1 december 2021
Infrastructuur is politiek – Hoe politiek onze mobiliteit vormgeeft Op 25 november jl. waren we voor het eerst aanwezig bij het congres van het Colloquium Vervoersplanologisch Speurwerk (CVS Congres). Voor dit congres schreven alle congresbezoekers een paper naar het thema 'de betekenis van reizen'. Ons paper "Infrastructuur is politiek – Hoe politiek onze mobiliteit vormgeeft" is een combinatie van een literatuurstudie met een verkenning van internationaal geconstateerde factoren en praktijkvoorbeelden die de theorie ondersteunen. Hierbij gingen we op zoek gingen naar de invloed van politiek op de totstandkoming, handhaving en aanpassing van infrastructuur zoals wij die kennen. Ook kwamen ze tot enkele handreikingen voor het handelen van de professional. Hieronder kan je een beknopte samenvatting van het paper lezen.
Onze infrastructuur is net als politiek een reflectie van (voormalige) verhoudingen in de samenleving. Alles wat we hebben komt ergens vandaan en is gebaseerd geweest op politieke keuzes. Toch worden infrastructurele behoeften vaak gepresenteerd als emotieloze, objectieve feiten.
Het besef dat infrastructuur een politiek gelaagde betekenis heeft is de laatste decennia steeds verder aan de aandacht ontsnapt. Hierdoor is deze infrastructuur als het ware in een 'black box' beland: we weten niet meer hoe het werkt en of het anders kan. Hoe beter infrastructuur werkt, hoe minder ze zelf nog wordt opgemerkt. Infrastructuurkeuzes komen regelmatig voort uit een technische oplossing voor waardegedreven problemen. Deze kunnen gepaard gaan met weinig transparante 'technische' besluitvormingsprocessen, om de inspraak van de burger te beperken of te neutraliseren.
Verschillende minderheden zijn politiek ondervertegenwoordigd. Of het nu gaat om gehandicapten, ouderen of lokale bewoners; er zijn altijd groepen die ondergeschikt raken ten opzichte van 'grotere' belangen. De vorm van infrastructuur zegt altijd iets over wat het belangrijkste werd gevonden bij de realisatie ervan en ten koste van wie.
Niet alleen de vorm van de infrastructuur zegt iets over politieke vertegenwoordiging, ook uit de aan- of afwezigheid en oriëntatie ervan kan veel afgeleid worden. Het realiseren van een verbinding tussen twee plaatsen zorgt ervoor dat deze dichter bij elkaar komen te liggen, maar leidt er ook toe dat afstand tussen andere plaatsen toeneemt.
Bijschrift bij foto-compilatie: Voorbeelden in de media: politici die zichzelf verbinden aan een stukje infrastructuur (Amelisweerd, 15-minuten stad Parijs), verbindingen voor de één gaan ten koste van de ander (de sluiting van lokale spoorwegovergangen en de A7 op de Afsluitdijk die vierstrooks blijft tijdens groot onderhoud, terwijl het fietspad jaren dicht gaat), onderhoud dat 'niet sexy' is (de Amsterdamse kademuren en Merwedebrug) en de politieke agenda versus economisch draagvlak (doortrekken Noord-Zuidlijn naar Schiphol). Ook vanuit economisch perspectief is infrastructuur een politiek spel. Kosten worden regelmatig strategisch onderschat en baten overschat om de kans te vergroten om financiering voor het project te verkrijgen. Dit leidt tot wetenschappelijk aangetoonde categorische kostenoverschrijdingen. Hoe minder stabiel de wetgevende macht is en hoe onvoorspelbaarder de kiezer, des te groter is de neiging van de politiek naar grote, infrastructurele projecten waarmee toekomstige politieke opties ingeperkt worden.
De keerzijde van de politieke hang naar grootse projecten is dat zaken als beheer en onderhoud te weinig aandacht krijgen. Onderhoud wordt eveneens vormgegeven naar huidige machtsverhoudingen, door hierin te investeren kunnen alternatieven worden uitgesloten.
Hoe is dit voortschrijdend inzicht in te zetten in de dagelijkse praktijk? Het besef dat elke ingreep in de publieke ruimte een politieke lading heeft is een goed begin. Door eigen technologische keuzes te ontrafelen, te reflecteren op eigen waarden en je niet vanzelfsprekend te beroepen op de neutraliteit van technische instrumenten toon je een groter verantwoordelijkheidsgevoel. In gesprek gaan met mensen buiten je discipline en het opzoeken van conflicterende perspectieven helpt om keuzes weer (meer) in het politieke domein en debat te laten belanden. Dit maakt de weg vrij voor andere, nieuwe werkelijkheden.
In het volledige paper wordt elk aspect van bovenstaande tekst uitgediept met bronnenverwijzing en uiteraard een mooie optocht van voorbeelden. Interesse in het volledige paper? Neem contact met ons op!